The Israelites
are recconed to have had two sorts of Proselites, one to the law of
Moses, the other only to the precepts of the sons of Noah. The first
they circumcised the other not. Yet the Patriarchs were circumcised
before the law of Moses though they lived only under the Precepts of the
sons of Noach [the Hebraized spelling of Noah's name], circumcision
being instituted upon a covenant w[i]th Abraham & his posterity. And
therefore circumcision made men debtors to the law upon no other
account then as it adopted them sons of Abraham Isaac & Jacob. For
all the Israelites were obliged to the law of Moses.
The Gentiles
were called not to become sons of Abraham by adoption but to believe in
Jesus Christ & therefore were not obliged to circumcision & ye
law of Moses, but being sons of Noach they were obliged to the Precepts
of the sons of Noach. The Gentiles who observed these Precepts were
allowed to live among the people of Israel & are called Proselites
of justice & Proselites of the Gate, & strangers sojourning in
Israel & (in the fourth Commandment) strangers within the Gates of
Israel. And it was sufficient for Xtians to become such Proselites.
The
Apostles therefore being consulted about obliging the Gentiles by
circumcision to become the sons of Abraham & keep the law of Moses
returned such an answer as imported that it was sufficient for them to
observe the laws imposed upon the sons of Noah before the days of
Abraham.
Some of those laws were moral & sufficiently
enforced by the Christian religion; as to abstain from idolatry
blasphemy & theft: others were positive; as to abstain from things
offered to idols, from blood & things strangled & from
fornication: that is, from communicating with the heathen in their
festivals upon things offered to idols because it tends to idolatry,
from blood & things strangulated because it leads to cruelty, &
from prohibited weomen because of the ill consequences, whether they
were prohibited untill marriage only or by reason of affinity, or of
their being idolaters or during their menses.
Noah was allowed to
feed upon animals provided they were killed by bleeding to death. But
he was not allowed to feed upon blood least he should thirst after the
blood of animals & for the sake of it become cruel & kill more
animals then was necessary for food, or cut them in pieces before they
were quite dead by bleeding. He was not to eat things stranguled because
that sort of death is painfull. He was not to eat a limb taken off from
a living animal because of the cruelty. And so Moses commanded that the
people of Israel should not seeth [?seize] a Kid in the mothers milk,
nor take a bird w[i]th its young nor muzzel the mouth of an Ox w[hi]ch
treadeth out the corn, because such actions incline men to cruelty &
savour of unmercifulness.
When Moses commanded to abstain from eating blood, & inforced his law with this reason: for the blood is the life or soul of the animal: did he not refer to an ancienter Law in use among the nations from the days of Noah, vizt, Flesh w[i]th ye life thereof thou shalt not eat Gen. 9.4, & interpret that Law by saying that the life,(Hebrew), anima, is the blood, or is in the blood.
For is not this to tell us that by the life in that ancient law is to
be understood the blodd? With the blood of the sacrifices you shall make
an attonement for your lives or souls, but you shall not eat it because
in that ancient law of the sons of Noah, the life forbidden to be eaten
with the flesh, is the blood or is in the blood.
When Moses commanded to abstain from eating blood & enforced his law with this reason: For the blood is the life of the flesh, did he not refer to an ancienter Law in use among the nations from the days of Noah, vizt flesh with the life thereof thou shalt not eat, Gen, ix.4, & did he not interpret this Law by saying that the life (Hebrew), anima is the blood or is in the blood?
In the Wilderness the children of Israel & the strangers which
sojourned among them were to kill all their sheep & Oxen & Goats
at the door of the Tabernacle & pour out their blood because is the
life of the flesh & the flesh [according the Law of Nations given
to Noah] was not to be eathen with the life thereof Levit xvii. 3, 4 10,
11, 13, 14.
But when the Lord thy God, saith Moses,
shall
enlarge thy border, & thou shall say I will eat flesh: if the place
which the Lord thy God hath chosen to put his name there be too far from
thee thou shall kill of thy herd & off thy flock & thou shall
eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after – only be sure that
thou eat not the blood. ffor the blood is life [mentioned in the law of nations given to Noah,] & [by that Law]
thou mayst not eat the life with the flesh. Thou shall not eat it, Thou shall pour it upon the earth as water.
Deut. xii. 15, 20, 21, 23, 24. This Law Moses imposed not only upon the
people of Israel but also upon upon the stranger who sojourned among
them, & therefore looked upon it as the law of nations; not as one
of the new Laws given to Israel in Mount Sina, but as an old law given
by the sons of Noah presently after the flood an old law w[hi]ch needed
only to be explained & enforced. When therefore Moses saith,
be sure that thou eat not the blood; for the blood is the life & thou mayst not eat the life with the blood: doth not Moses in saying
thou mayst not eat the life with the blood recite that ancient law & thereby enforce his prohibiting the eating of blood? And in saying
be sure that thou eat not the blood, for the blood is the
life, doth he not explain what is meant by (Hebrew) anima, the soul or
life in that ancient law? And when in relating the history of the flood,
he recites that ancient law
fflesh w[i]th the life thereof ye shall not eat, doth he not insist the blood by way of explication,
fflesh w[i]th the life thereof [w[hi]ch is
the blood thereof]
shall ye not eat? The language used by Noah might be so far antiquated in the Moses as in reciting that ancient law to need an explication.
Cain
was a tiller of the ground & offered the fruit of the ground to the
Lord & Abel was a keeper of sheep & offered of his flock. Sheep
were therefore kept & sacrificed & eaten before the flood,
& upon Noah sacrificing God renewed the license of eating it
provided they eat it without (Hebrew) the blood: w[hi]ch makes it
probable that blood was prohibited before the flood. Moses prohibited it
& so did the Apostles to all the nations not because blood defileth
him that eateth it but because the prohibition tendeth to mercy.
Quaere, whether the law be still in force.
In six or eight hundred years, languages alter very much, & the language in w[hi]ch this law was given to Noah.
Flesh w[i[th the (Hebrew)
thereof thou shall not eat,
was given to Noah might be so allowed before the days of Moses that the
word (Hebrew) Nepesh might need an explication. When therefore Moses
commands both the Children of Israel & the strangers who sojourned
amongst them that they should not eat the blood of animals with the
flesh, & enforces his command with this reason ffor the blood is the
(Hebrew) of the flesh & the fflesh w[i]th (Hebrew) thereof thou
shall not eat (Levit xvii & Deut xii) & doth he not recite the
ancient law of Noah:
fflesh with the (Hebrew) thereof shall ye not eat, & doth he not interpret the word Nepesby saying that
the blood is the (Hebrew) of the flesh? And when in relating the history of the flood he sets down that ancient law
fflesh with the (Hebrew)
thereof w[hi]ch is
the b[l]ood thereof, shall ye not eat, Gen. ix. 4, doth he not insert the words
blood thereof
into the law for interpreting what is to here understood by the word
(Hebrew)? ffor this word here must signify a corporeal substance w[hi]ch
can be eaten & therefore not the life but ye blood in w[hi]ch the
life is sealed or the blood of the life as it is called in the next
words Gen ix.5.
When therefore Moses inserts the word
blood into this Law in this manner
Flesh with ye (Hebrew)
thereof that is
the blood thereof, thou shall not eat
was it not for explaining what the word (Hebrew) signifies? And when
Moses [saith] These things were done for food & the distinction
between beasts clean & unclean before the flood sheweth what beasts
were then lawful to be sacrificied & eaten & what not: God said
to Noah
Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you even as the green herb have I given you all things he repe[a]ted & reestablished an old Law. And when he added:
but flesh w[hi]ch the blood thereof shall ye not eat:
it may be taken for a part of that old Law. This Law against eating
blood was repeated by Moses to all nations & again by the Apostles;
not because blood defileth him that eateth it, but because the
prohibition is a check to savageness & cruelty.
Quaere, Whether the Law be still in force?'
THE
PASSAGE IN 'THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT KINGDOMS AMENDED' (1728) for
which the present manuscript contains two drafts is as follows (Echo
Library, 2007, p. 67):
'...This was the morality and religion of the first ages, still called by the
Jews, The precepts of the sons of Noah: this was the religion of Moses and the Prophets, comprehended in the two great commandments, of
loving the Lord our god with all our heart and soul and mind, and our neighbour as our selves: this was the religion enjoined by
Moses to the uncircumcised stranger within the gates of
Israel, as well as to the
Israelites, and this is the primitive religion of both
Jews and
Christians,
and ought to be the standing religion of all nations, it being for the
honour of God, and good of mankind: and Moses adds the precept of
being
merciful even to brute beasts, as so not to suck out their blood, nor
to cut off their flesh alive with the blood in it, nor to kill them for
the sake of their blood, nor to strangle them; but in killing them for
food, to let out their blood and spill it upon the ground, Gen. IX. 4, and
Levit. XVII. 12, 13. This law was ancienter than the days of
Moses, being given to
Noah and his sons long before the days of
Abraham: and therefore when the Apostles and elders in the Council at
Jerusalem declared that the Gentiles were not obliged to be circumcised and keep the law of
Moses, they excepted this law of
abstaining from blood, and things strangled as being an earlier law of God, imposed not on the sons of
Abraham only, but on all nations, while they lived together in
Shinar under the dominion of
Noah: and of the same kind is the law of
abstaining
from meats offered to Idols or false Gods, and from fornication. So
then, the believing that the world was framed by one supreme God, and is
governed by him; and the loving and worshipping him, and honouring our
parents, and loving our neighbor as our selves, and being merciful even
to brute beasts, is the oldest of all religions...'
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